ื”ึทืžึดึผื˜ึฐื‘ึธึผืขึธื”
ื”ึทืžึดึผื˜ึฐื‘ึธึผืขึธื”
ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื’ืœืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช
ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื” ยท ืžืขืœ 100 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžืชื›ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื”

ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื ืฆื—.

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื”, ื—ืจื™ื˜ืช ืžื‘ืœื˜ื™ ืคืœื“ื” ื•ืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช โ€” ืžื—ืจื˜ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืืจ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ืกื“ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื ื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืžืœื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ, ืื•ืชื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืจื“.

1896โ€“1920ืคืจืง ืืณ ยท ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืฆืืจ
ืื•ืžืŸ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืฆืืจ ื•ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘

ืžืื•ืžืŸ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืฆืืจ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืขื“ ืœื ืžืœ ื™ืคื•

ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื” ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1896 ืขื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืฆื—ื•ื‘ื™ ื–"ืœ, ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืงืจื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™, ื’ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช ืžืชื›ืช. ืฉืžื• ื”ืœืš ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืื•ืžืŸ ืžืชื›ืช ื•ื—ืจื˜ ื™ื“ื ื™ ื‘ื—ืฆืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืืจ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื—ืจื™ื˜ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืœื˜ื™ ืคืœื“ื” ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื.

ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืกืขืจืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืจื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื ืžืœื˜ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ื“ื™ื ื” (ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืŸ) ืœืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื”. ืžืฉื ื ื“ื“ื• ื“ืจืš ื—ืชื—ืชื™ื ืœืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ, ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1920 ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœื ืžืœ ื™ืคื•. ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ, ื—ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื“ ืœืชื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืคืจื ืกืชื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช, ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื›ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืจื ืกื™ ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ.

1920โ€“1945ืคืจืง ื‘ืณ ยท ืกื“ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ื•ืกืžืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืชืจื•ืช
ื—ืจื˜ ืกืžืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืชืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื

ื”ืกื“ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื ื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ 63 ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืžืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช

ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืคืชื— ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ 10. ืขื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช: ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื ื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ 63 ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ โ€” ืืชืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื ืฉืžืจ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœื™ืฆืจืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืœื˜ื™ื, ืžื“ืœื™ื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืกืžืœื™ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ.

ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ยท ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30HISTORIC ARCHIVE
ืกื“ื ืช ื”ืžื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช โ€” ื ื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ 63

ืกื“ื ืช ื”ืžื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช โ€” ื ื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ 63

ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืฆื—ื•ื‘ื™ (ืฉืœื˜ 'ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืฆื—ื•ื‘ื™ G.ZCEHOVOY') ื•ืžืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื˜ืจื•ื-ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ืžื’ื•ื™ืกื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘.

ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1933, ื”ืคืš ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆืจืŸ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืคืขืœื” ื”ืกื“ื ื” ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ื—ืจื˜ื” ืืช ืžื‘ืœื˜ื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืžืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืชืจื•ืช: ืคืœืž"ื—, ืืฆ"ืœ ื•ืœื—"ื™ โ€” ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ื›ืกื™ ืฆืืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.

1944โ€“1981ืคืจืง ื’ืณ ยท ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช
ืœื•ื—ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื” ื•ืžืคืชื— ืกืžืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”

ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืกืžืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1923 ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช (ื—ื™"ืœ) ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” (1944โ€“1946). ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืขื ื“ ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืืช ืกืžืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืžืชืชื• ื•ืžื“ื™ื•, ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืฆืœืช ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื”.

ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ยท 1944โ€“1946HISTORIC ARCHIVE
ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืฆื—ื•ื‘ื™ โ€” ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืฆื—ื•ื‘ื™ โ€” ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืฆื—ื•ื‘ื™ (ื‘ื ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ) ื‘ืžื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื” ืขื ืกืžืœ ื”ื›ื•ืžืชื”, ื‘ื˜ืจื ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื‘-1946 ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื”.

ืขื ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘-1946 ืฉื‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ื ื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ื™ืขืงื‘. ืžื™ื›ืืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื•ืžืงื™ืžื™ 'ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืชื—ืŸ', ืคื™ืชื— ื•ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™: ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžืชื›ืช ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืกืžืœื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ, ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช, ืžื“ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”.

1982โ€“ื”ื™ื•ืืคืจืง ื“ืณ ยท ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ืคืกื’ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื”
ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืื•ืžื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืœื˜ ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื›ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ืก

ื“ืจื•ืจ ืฆื—ื•ื‘ื™ โ€” ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืขืœื™ืช

ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ืจ ืฆื—ื•ื‘ื™, ื ืฉื ืืช ืจื™ื— ื”ืฉื˜ืื ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•, ื•ืฉืื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื• ืžืื‘ื™ื• ืžื™ื›ืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1982/1985 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืžืคืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™. ื“ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื“ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช: ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืžื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ืช ืžื‘ืœื˜ื™ ืคืœื“ื”, ื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฉ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืืคืก. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1997 ืคื ื” ืœื“ืจืš ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืืช 'ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื”' โ€” ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืขืœ ืขื ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช.

ื›ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื• ื•ืื‘ื™ื•, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื“ืจื•ืจ ื‘-1992 ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ 'ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื', ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœืœืฉื›ืช 'ืขืœื•ืžื™ื' ื‘ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื“ืจื•ืจ ืžืกืคืง ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื™ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืžืœื™ื, ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ 'ืจื•ื˜ืจื™'. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืจืคืืœ ื•ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืจื™ื˜ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช

ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืื• ืกืžืœื™ ืžืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื? ืื ื• ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืžืขืœ ืžืื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ืžื•ืงืคื“.

ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืคืจื˜ื™ ืฆื”"ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื